A Brief History of Denton County
Denton County was established by the Texas legislature on April 11,
1846, shortly after Texas abandoned its dream of being a Republic and
joined the United States.
Early pioneers settled along the Trinity River and its tributaries and
on the edge of the frontier as it moved westward. The first Anglo
settlements were near Hebron in the southeast corner of what would
become Denton County, Pilot Point in the northeast and Little Elm on
the eastern border with Collin County.
Settlers were scarce, however, until the Republic of Texas approved an
empresario grant in 1841 with the Texas Emigration and Land Company
based in Louisville, Kentucky. W.S. Peters led the group of twenty
investors, and the grant became known as the Peters Colony. The
contracts eventually covered all of Northeast Texas. The colony's land
office was established near Hebron in the southeast corner of
present-day Denton County. After Texas joined the union, promises of U.S. Army protection from
marauding Indians prompted a new wave of immigration.
The new county, carved out of Fannin County, was named for John B.
Denton, a pioneer preacher and lawyer who had been killed in an Indian
fight in 1841. The pioneers chose a county seat along Pecan Creek and
named it Pinckneyville, in honor of Texas' first governor. Historians
differ on whether a courthouse was ever built at Pinckneyville. A 1908
history of the county describes a log courthouse built there, while
another history says there were "no improvements" and court was held
under a large oak tree.
Pinckneyville lasted only two years. Water shortages forced the
fledgling community to move, first in February 1848 to a new site they
named Alton a few miles south and again in late 1848 to another site
near Hickory Creek. The Hickory Creek location also was named Alton and
it remained the seat of Denton County government for about ten years.
By 1856, the little settlement of Alton was thriving. Alton boasted
several homes, a blacksmith shop, three stores, a saloon, hotel and bar,
two doctors, several lawyers, and a cemetery, and was headquarters for
the Denton County Land District.
By 1857, however, Denton County was ready to move the county seat
again. County residents wanted a county seat more central to the
settlements in Pilot Point in the north and Lewisville in the south.
Alton residents voted to move again. This time they called the new
county seat Denton. Lots for the original township of Denton were
auctioned on January 10, 1857.
The first courthouse in Denton was a two-story frame structure on the
north side of the downtown square. The building burned in 1875,
destroying most of the county records. A brick courthouse was then built
in the center of the square, a two-story building with a tall central
tower. Lightning damaged that building and it was condemned and
demolished in 1894. Construction of the present Courthouse-on-the-Square
began in 1895. The cornerstone was laid in 1896, and the courthouse was
dedicated in 1897.
For a decade, Denton County was on the northeast Texas frontier. Cattle
and horses ranged on the unfenced prairies. Residents were engaged in
ranching and subsistence farming. John S. Chisum, who became the most
famous cattleman in the West, operated his first ranch in Denton
County. He later moved to new ranges on the Concho River in Texas and
on west into New Mexico.
The Civil War took many men away from the little settlements, leaving
the frontier virtually unprotected. On moonlit nights, Kiowa and
Comanche Raiders from Indian Territory crossed into Texas to steal
cattle and horses. Fearful settlers called the full moon "Comanche
Moon." The last Indian raid in Denton County was in August 1874.
After the Civil War ended, a wave of prosperity triggered more
immigration. In 1860, Denton County population was 4,780. In the
1870s, population grew to 18,143. Subsistence farming gave way to
cotton farming in the blackland and wheat farming on the prairies.
Railroads came through to boost the economy more. From 1890 to 1920,
Denton County ranked either first or second in wheat production in
Texas.
Denton embarked on a course that would make it a major higher education
center when North Texas Normal College, now the University of North
Texas, was established in 1890. Legislation authorizing the Girls
College of Industrial Arts, now Texas Woman's University, was passed in
1901.
Denton County covers 911 square miles in north central Texas. The
Eastern Cross Timbers juts through the central part of the county.
Blackland prairie covers its western half and a slice along its eastern
edge. The Elm Fork of the Trinity River flows through the county. The
river was dammed in 1920 to form Lake Dallas, which has been expanded
and is now known as Lewisville Lake. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
dammed the river farther upstream in 1986 to form Ray Roberts Lake. A
greenbelt along the Elm Fork connects the two lakes. A number of state
parks border the lakes.
Vital transportation links contributed more growth. Interstate 35 East
was built in the 1950s and joined by Interstate 35 West in the 1970s.
Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport opened in January 1974.
By the 1970s, Denton County was the fastest-growing county in the
country, with most of the growth along the Interstate 35 East corridor.
Denton County has ranked among the top fast-growing counties throughout
the 1980s and 1990s. Population has spiraled from 75,633 in 1970 to
143,126 in 1980 and 276,083 in 1990. Alliance Airport, which straddles
the Denton County-Tarrant County boundary in the southwest corner of the
county, opened in December 1989 to trigger growth along Interstate 35
West. Texas Motor Speedway, one of the largest sports and entertainment
facilities in the world, opened in 1997 along Interstate 35 West.
By the end of the century, an estimated 400,000 people were living in an
increasingly urban Denton County. By the year 2000, the northern area
of the county was a center for horse ranches and a balanced farming
region producing wheat, cotton, beef and dairy cattle. Much of the
industrial and commercial growth, as well as population growth, was
centered in southern Denton County.